What are the five components of reading instruction as identified by the National Reading Panel?

The five components of reading instruction identified by the National Reading Panel are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Each of these components plays a critical role in developing a child's ability to read effectively.

Phonemic awareness involves the understanding of sounds in spoken words, which is essential for learning to decode words. Phonics refers to the relationship between letters and sounds, aiding in the ability to read words. Fluency is the ability to read with speed and accuracy, which supports comprehension. Vocabulary development helps students understand the meanings of words, which is fundamental to making sense of the text they read. Finally, comprehension is the ability to understand and interpret what is read, which is the ultimate goal of reading instruction.

The other options include terms or components that do not align with the established framework by the National Reading Panel. For instance, testing, grammar, spelling, and assessment, while important in the broader scope of education, are not considered foundational components of reading instruction as defined in this context. Therefore, the inclusion of vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension in option B accurately reflects the essential elements that contribute to effective reading instruction.